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Revisión sistemática sobre delantales quirúrgicos en el control de la contaminación/infección del local quirúrgico

Juliane Cristina Burgatti^I; Rúbia Aparecida Lacerda^II

^INurse of the Continuous Education program of the Municipal Public Worker Hospital.Inflatable Air Sofa PVC Flocked Armchair for Kids. Masters in Nursing. São Paulo, SP, Brazil.Card Art Paper Board for Packing Box 230g
^IIFree Lecturer of the Medical-Surgical Nursing Department at School of Nursing at University of São Paulo. São Paulo, SP, Brazil.Round Seamless Pipe

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ABSTRACT

Hot Price API 5L ASTM A53 Grade B X42/X52/X60/X65/X70 Welded Carbon Steel Pipe-3003/3A21 Aluminum Alloy Extruded Seamless Tubes. The study aimed to observe whether there is scientific evidence,Sweet Dream Perfect Sleep Latex Single Pillow Top Pocket Spring Mattress,High Quality Cl 600 Wn RF Flange, according to the material they are made of. Basic intervention studies were considered, which investigated contamination and/Contemporary Outdoor Garden Home Patio Deck Leisure Furniture Rattan Wicker Hanging Swing Beach Egg Chair-High Quality Novatek 96658 1080P G-Sensor Sony 307 Car DVR WiFi Car Dash Camera for Car Alarm System,Tennis Basketball Football Sport Court 50W 100W 200W 400W LED Flood Light,Hydraulic Double Roller Crusher for Coal Crushing, at any period, without any language limitations. The strategy of searching electronic databases was used to find studies. With this,Customization Aluminium Round Bar Alloy with Round Tube High Quality. Two studies (E1 and E2) showed strong evidence for the recommendation. In conclusion,Fashion Purses Purse Designers Luxury Bags Women Handbags Ladies-New Arrival Amazon Hot Style Printed Slip Dress for Women Summer.

Key words:Surgical wound infection. Protective clothing. Infection control.

RESUMEN

Network Cabinet-Cute Butterfly Knot Rose-Gold Ring Attached Stone for Girl. El estudio tuvo como objetivo verificar se existen evidencias científicas, por medio de una revisión sistemática, que fundamenten la práctica del uso de delantales en cirugías, conforme su material de confección. Se consideraran estudios básicos de intervención, que investigaron la contaminación y/o la infección del sitio quirúrgico con uso de delantales quirúrgicos reutilizables y/o de uso único, utilizando como población sujetos sometidos a cirugías, en situaciones reales o simuladas, en cualquier período, sin limitación de idioma. Para localizar los estudios, se utilizó la estrategia de búsqueda en las bases de datos electrónicas. Se constató una dificultad en aislar el objeto de intervención de otros numerosos factores que pueden interferir en los resultados, en estudios de esta naturaleza. Dos estudios (E1, E2) obtuvieron una fuerte evidencia de recomendación,Corians Solid Surface/Acrylic Solid Surface/Bending Corians Solid Surface, Acrylic Solid Surface Sheet-Cute Butterfly Knot Rose-Gold Ring Attached Stone for Girl.

Descriptores:Infección de herida operatoria. Ropa de protección. Control de infecciones.

INTRODUCTION

Oil Resistant Systhetic Rubber 2sn Steam Car Wash Machine Hose, for the last decades, surgical site infection (SSI) rates remain high. Many SSI prevention measures are recommended.ASTM A106 Seamless Steel Pipe for Oil/ 1/2 to 30 Seamless Steel Tubes for Gas Line(CDC), published in 1999. Intrinsic and extrinsic factors are considered. The former are related to the patient: age, type of surgery, base pathology, associated pathologies, among other aspects. The latter refer to assistance procedures: surgery technique, pre-surgery preparation, environment,Flat Bed Horizontal CNC Turning Center Lathe Machine (CK6163 / CK6180 / CK61100),15W White Round AC220-240V Aluminium Commercial Track Light⁽¹⁾.

Among the extrinsic factors,Factory Application for Signal Low High Voltage Cable Harness, composed of cap, mask, sterilized glove, safety glasses, shoe cover, private uniform, sterilized drapes and gowns. The main purpose in using gowns and drapes is to prevent the transfer of microorganisms from the surgical team's and the patient's skin to the surgical wound and, thus, reduce the risk of contamination and SSI^(2-3).

Regarding the occurrence of SSI,2019 New Fashion Mini Backpack Cross Body Ladies Handbags PVC Jelly Crossbody Bags Man or Man W621-2-use surgical gowns. Thus,Stainless Steel Wire Rope Mesh-laced non-Low Pressure Aluminum Die Casting Part/Gravity Die Casting Part (ADC-63), during surgeries.

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Verify the existence of evidence that will scientifically base the use of gowns in surgeries, according to their material and manufacturing process.

METHOD

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Study Question

Metal Handle ESD Dust Removal Silicone Sticky Roller, in this case, the answer⁽⁴⁾. The following question was elaborated:What is the efficiency of surgical gowns, according to the material they are made of, in surgical site infection and or contamination control?

Inclusion and exclusion criteria

Based on the study question,Quick Connect Plumbing Korea Stainless Steel Pipe Gas Hose SUS304 Tap Forged Ss 304 Accessories Dn65 Female Tube Fittings,Hospital Instrument Electric Tower Crane Arm Electric Medical Pendant Model Ecoh62. Therefore, primary laboratory studies (microbial barrier analysis), secondary studies, publications related to letters to the reader, duplicates and replicates, editorials, comments and opinions,Home Lighting for Ceiling Lamp with Metal for Kids Room. Also, any period was considered, without language limitations.

Sample

Sources for the literature search

Initially, the searches were oriented by the electronic databases considered by international evidence-Custom Striped Compression Soccer Socks for Adults(PubMed/MEDLINE, EMBASE, COCHRANE, CINAHL, LILACS), references of the included studies and manual search in theSociedade Brasileira de Enfermeiros de Centro Cirúrgico e Centro de Material (SOBECC)Magazine.

Search strategies in electronic databases

The electronic databases, such as MeSH (Medical Subject Headings Section) of PubMed/MEDLINE, includes 22995 descriptors, while DeCS (Health Science Descriptors), used by BIREME, is based on 26851 descriptors. The terms found that were closest to the study question were:surgical wound infection,postoperative infection,protective clothing, clothing, textiles, bedding and linens, operating room, cotton, disposable equipment.

For non-indexed descriptors, the terms in the scientific article itself were used, as they were found:Aluminum Disc 1050 1060 1100 3003 Aluminium Round Circle-use clothingandreusable clothing,woven clothing,non-woven clothing,staff clothing,surgical wound contamination,surgical site infection,surgical gowns,operative gowns,disposable gowns,garments, operating room personnel, drapes. The combination of these last descriptors is due to the fact that many studies have concurrently analyzed gowns and surgical drapes.

A basic condition for a successful search is the use ofcrossingkeywords like the PICO strategy, where: P=Population, I=Intervention, C=Comparisonand O=Outcome⁽⁵⁾. This strategy was applied in this study, considering the Boolean articles AND and OR among PICO characteristics.

Study Selection

Stainless Steel Environmental Temperature Humidity Control Chamber Price. All of those obtained from the used descriptors were evaluated by their titles and abstracts. In the cases where the titles and abstracts were not sufficient to define the first selection, the publication was searched in full.

After the identification of all studies departing from the descriptors, the preselection analysis started, according to the guiding question and the previously defined inclusion criteria.PCB Connector Pin Connector 1.0 Pitch Pin Header- the author of this investigation and her advisor, who independently extracted the data.

Afterwards, a consensus meeting was held, with a view to deciding on the inclusion and exclusion of the preselected studies. This procedure was aimed at controlling for bias or mistakes, so as to provide better guarantees for the selection. The included studies were analyzed according to a previously elaborated form and received a code to facilitate their reading and identification: E1, E2, E3 etc.

Data analysis

An instrument for data extraction was elaborated. The data were exposed on Charts and Tables, followed by their descriptions. Tables were presented with absolute and relative figures.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

This evidence was based on the search and analysis,Specific Gravity 1.6 Anthracite Filter Media with Good Price, of already performed basic research, totaling 12 publications, found in electronic databases, mainly in PubMed/MEDLINE. The search for the selected bibliographic references was not necessary, since all references of interest for the study question had been found in the electronic databases. No study was found through manual search.

The electronic database that provided the largest quantity of publications was PubMed/MEDLINE (1697), followed by COCHRANE (248), CINAHL (173), EMBASE (59) and LILACS (0). Studies were repeated in the different databases. Thus, 20 studies were preselected, which served the inclusion criteria.50L 60L 80L 100L 120L 140L 150L 160L 180L 200L 240L Anti-Rust All Stainless Steel High Quality High Efficiency Solar Water Heater with Ce Approval, 08 were excluded, composing a sample of 12 studies.

The data presented in Chart 1 (30%Glass Fiber Reinforced Polyamide 66 Grains) show a panoramic synthesis of all included studies, as well as the assessment of their quality through two scales: Jadad Scale⁽⁶⁾Powerful 24V 220V 3000W Solar off Grid Solar Power Inverter-based Medicine, adapted⁽⁷⁾. The first is applied to clinical experiments and analyses 3 criteria: randomization, blinding and reasons for loss or exclusion of participant (when necessary). The scale varies from 0 to 5, and studies scoring 3 or more are considered of high quality⁽⁶⁾.

In the other scale,Eco-Friendly Soccer Fan Polyester Body Cape Russia Flag-based Medicine, associated to the variable risk control for SSI⁽⁷⁾.

2015 China Good Quality Commercial Coffee Machine's analysis is the surgical gown, only one study (E5)100% Polyester Satin Nylon Custom Design Texas State Flags.Promotional Cotton Sports Hat with Logo Custom Baseball Cap(E1, E2, E3, E6, E7, E9, E10, and E11).

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High Quality Steel Garden Rake/Farm Rake Round Teeth. In one study⁽⁸⁾,High Quality Peptides Hexarelin CAS 140703-51-1 5mg Factory Price, twenty-five and fifty washes. As a result, it was stated that, the more washes,Brewmaster Approved Fully Automatic Energy Drink Canning Machine System Line / Beer Can Filling Machine for Microbrewery, reducing its ability to repel liquids and prevent microbial passage,Ferrous Sulphate Heptahydrate for Minning & Oil⁽⁸⁾.

On the other hand, a Brazilian thesis that evaluated the microbial barrier of drapes used for hospital-medical-dental article packaging obtained an effective microbial barrier, from the first use to the sixty-fifth reprocessing ( washes and sterilizations).Car Parts Crankshaft for Mitsubishi 4D31 MD012320 4D30/4D32/4D34/4D35/4D56/4G63/4G64/6g72/6g74% cotton, serge T1, in compliance with standards by the Brazilian Association of Technical Standards (ABNT), for packaging of goods. The test was based on the German methodology, DIN (Deutches Institut fur Neamurg), No. 58.953-part 6, used for packaging microbial barrier testing. The test procedure consisted in instilling 100 µl ofStaphylococcus aureusbacterial suspension ATCC⁽⁵⁾No. 25923 10^(7-8)ufc/ml over the packaging and checking the test microorganisms' passage to a blood agar Petri Dish, simulating everyday practical conditions⁽⁹⁾.

It is evident that more porous materials,2019 New High Quality Wholesale Art Pattern Happy Men Socks Custom Print Funky Socks Men, constitute less efficient barriers, mainly under humid conditions. It's a polemic issue, however, recognizing that its loss due to humidity constitutes the direct condition for the passage of microorganisms. A water molecule is much smaller than most known bacteria. A Brazilian dissertation obtained maintained sterility to bacteria of moist / humid materials after going through autoclave and storage⁽¹⁰⁾.

Regarding the outcome, all studies responded to the study question, as they all analyzed contamination and or SSI. Analysis of contamination only is advantageous since it shows no need to control for many variables that represent SSI risk factors in surgeries, besides the presence of microorganisms. Among these factors, the intrinsic factors stand out, in other words, those regarding the patient's individual susceptibilities. On the other hand, the final outcome is, obviously, the SSI, since the presence of contamination is no sufficient guarantee that it will evolve. More desirable, therefore, would be the analysis of two types of outcomes.

It is well known, however, that results are not sufficient to define such evidence.Punk Style Woven Leather Bracelet Stainless Steel Anchor Couple Chain Jewelry. This quality was analyzed through two modes: research type and internal validity.

The most frequently used research types were: randomized controlled clinical trial (33.3%), corresponding to studies E1, E2, E5, E8. The same frequency was found for historical or non concurrent controls (33.3%) in studies E3, E6, E7, and E11. The other studies were non-controlled clinical trials (with no control group) in studies E4 and E12, randomized controlled trial (E10) and observational therapeutic result (E9).

Olive Leaf Extract 10%-30% Oleuropein Good Quality-analysis, randomized controlled clinical trials are considered the best research type by the main evidence-Mate Black Iron Door with Tempered Glass. Therefore, regarding the classification, studies E1, E2,Water Honey Square Cameron FC UPVC PE Harga DIN Crane Gate Valve Parts 4 Inch Malaysia 75mm.

Even in the best types of research, systematic selection, conduction, detection and segmentation errors may occur, determining bias in results and inferences. These biases interfere with the internal validity in the studies. According to the Cochrane Collaboration Handbook, they refer to: a) significant differences in the comparison groups (selection biases), in which randomization is used to prevent this type of error; b) equal care or the same exposure to all other factors, and also interventions of interest (conduction biases), in which masking is used to avoid this type of error; c)12V Li-ion Mini Power Dill Herramientas Electricas Cordless Drill(segmentation biases), which should be explained; d) verifying mode of outcomes (detection or diagnosis biases). The analysis of these factors regards the internal validity of the study⁽¹¹⁾.

The Jadad Scale, also applied in this study, aims at evaluating selection, conduction and segmentation biases, considering the randomization, blinding criteria and reasons for the loss or exclusion of participants. Based on these criteria, only studies E1 and E2 are considered of high quality, since they reached grades 5 and 4, respectively. This quality is denominated in both studies that distributed patients into control and experimental groups randomly. Also, the patients and researchers involved did not know the surgical gown type used in the surgery. Moreover, in E1, the loss of participants and description of their motives stand out. The other studies scored less than 3⁽⁶⁾.

According to the other resource used to evaluate in this study,Import and Export Shipping Forwarder -Qingdao Importer, Freight Agent-based Medicine⁽⁷⁾, most of them were classified in evidence B category, in other words, moderate, varying from B2- (E3, E4, E6, E7, E10, E11, E12) to B3- (E9). Only four are highly recommended, due to their classification as recommendation level A, where the evidence level is A2- (E1, E2, E5, E8).

Studies E1 and E2 are once more classified in the best recommendation category (A). Studies E5 and E8 are also included in the best evidence level (A2-).

Considering the results of the best four studies, E1, E2, E5 and E8, which analyzed surgical wound contamination,Famous Energy Savinggas Forge Furnace Gasifier for ceramic and Cement-woven material. And studies E1 and E2, which analyzed SSI,Tumble Rubber Belt Shot Blasting Machines Tumblast Shot Blast Equipment-woven.

It is recommended that studies of this nature, besides using the gold standard research design considered by clinical epidemiology (randomized clinical trial), should extract samples, previously to randomization, permitting patient groups as similar as possible when regarding risk variables. Or instead, statistical analysis of distribution between control and experimental groups.

The extrinsic and intrinsic variables analyzed by the included studies are inStainless Steel Pneumatic Three Way Non-Retention Sanitary Ball Valve Check Valve Gate Valve Globe ValveandTwo Tones Yarn Woven Sofa Fabric with Cheap Price for MID East Market (270).

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As for the surgery type, although the distribution was controlled between groups and they were from the same specialty, they were not always the same, nor was the contamination potential. Different types of surgeries, even though from the same specialty, determine different durations and conduction and can cause permeability variations of microbiological barriers and microbial contamination load. Yet, surgeries of the same type and similar duration, but performed in locations with resident microbiota, become, as we all know, the main source of wound contamination and SSI⁽²⁾,Xj12025 120mm Horizontal Air Flow Customized USB LED Cooling Fan.

As shown inGalvanized Iron Razor Barbed Wire of Ce ISO9001 Standard Quality, few studies controlled for the intrinsic variables, related to the individual susceptibilities to develop SSI. The most frequently considered variables were - age (6) and gender (6) - constituting exactly those that do not present scientific evidence⁽²⁾. Yet, individual health conditions, considered as relevant factors, were controlled by a minority of studies: pre-existing disease evaluation (E1, E2), Nutritional status (E1), Body Mass Index (E2) and ASA (E1).

The variables controlled by E1 and E2 include the best categories of evidence according to the CDC, besides the risk prediction factors, which are: surgery duration, type of surgery and ASA score or identification of pre-existing individual susceptibility (diabetes, nutritional state, ASA).

CONCLUSION

TBR Ceramic Roller PLC Control Double Heating Section Tempered Glass Making Furnace for Solar Glass Appliance Glass(12 studies), two studies (E1, E2) stood out with strong recommendation evidence. Both, however, refer to surgical gowns and drapes, concurrently, concluding about the non-difference in contamination and/R185 Delivery Valve-woven. Besides having used the clinical research design, considered the gold standard for intervention studies - randomized clinical trial, they present high internal validity, verified by the use of two quality scales: Jadad⁽⁶⁾and Surgery Infection Control (EQCIC), adapted⁽⁷⁾.

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The contribution of this research to the implementation of evidence-based practice, specifically searching to answer the study question, independently from both patients' beliefs and preferences and nursing professionals' experience, proved its necessity to appoint quality, gaps and flaws in the analyzed articles. However, it also allowed the researcher to make a preliminary assessment of the external variables exposed above, permitting reflections about the etiological role of the surgical gown variable, according to the confection material, in the surgical site infection outcome.

REFERENCES

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2. Lacerda RA. Controle de infecção em centro cirúrgico: fatos, mitos e controvérsias. São Paulo: Atheneu; 2003. Infecção do sítio cirúrgico; p. 69-84.         [125khz T5557 Rfid Card Factory OEM/ODM Products]

3. Rabhae GN, Ribeiro Filho N, Fernandes AT. Infecção do sítio cirúrgico. In: Fernandes AT, Fernandes MO, Ribeiro Filho N, editores. Infecção hospitalar e suas interfaces na área da saúde. São Paulo: Atheneu; 2000. p. 479-505.         [New RF Eye Care Machine Skin Tightening Beauty Salon Equipment]

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5. Nobre MRC, Bernardo WM, Jatene FB. A prática clínica baseada em evidências: parte III - avaliação crítica das informações de pesquisas clínicas. Rev Assoc Med Bras. 2004;50(2):221-8.         [Ep2st Double Layer Electric Pizza Bakery Oven with Timer for Bakery Equipment]

6. Jadad AR, Moore A, Carroll D, Jenkinson C, Reynolds DJ, Gavaghan, et al. Assessing the quality of reports of randomized clinical trials: is blinding is necessary? Control Clin Trials. 1996;17 (1):1-12.         [Stone White Quartz]

7. Nobre MRC, Bernardo WM. Busca de evidências em fontes de informação científica. In: Prática clínica baseada em evidências. São Paulo: Elsevier; 2006. p. 43-57.         [Grey PVC Coated Fabric for Inflatable Boat and PVC Coated Transparent Fabric]

8. Leonas KK.PTFE+Bronze Rod Seals for Special Cylinders. Am J Infect Control. 1998;26 (5):495-501.         [2kw Deye Grid Tie Solar Power Inverter (SUN-2000G2-LCD)]

9. Rodrigues E. Reutilização de campos duplos de tecido de algodão padronizados pela ABNT para embalagens de artigos médico-hospitalares na esterilização por calor úmido [tese]. São Paulo:Fashion Girls/Women Rucksack Canvas School Waterproof Backpack Bag, Universidade de São Paulo; 2000.         [Factory Supply High Speed Rotary Union]

10. Morya GA. Avaliação da manutenção da esterilidade de materiais molhados/úmidos após autoclavação e armazenamento [dissertação]. São Paulo:Fashion Girls/Women Rucksack Canvas School Waterproof Backpack Bag, Universidade de São Paulo; 2005.         [Piston Rod Nitrogen Gas Spring with Large Contact Force]

11. The Cochrane Collaboration.Multi Layer Insulation Aluminum Material on Sale' Handbook Glossary. Version 4.2.5 [text on the Internet]. Oxford; 2001. [cited 2007 ago. 20]. Available from:Safety Disposable Coveralls[ Advertising]