WPC Decking Fence Floor Profile Extrusion Line / Production Line

SciELO - Scientific Electronic Library Online


vol.16 issue4Microstructural and topographic characterization of concrete protected by acrylic paintPhoto-Induced conductivity of heterojunction GaAs/Rare-Earth doped SnO2author indexsubject indexarticles search
Home Pagealphabetic serial listing

Fiber Glass Tape Mesh (screening)

Print versionISSN1516-1439

Mat. Res. vol.16 no.4 São Carlos July/Aug. 2013  Epub Apr 02, 2013

Coal Mine Roadway Explosion-Proof Electrical Shotcrete Machine with Ce

Flameless LED Wax Candle for Hallowen′s Day Christmas Decor(vinyl alcohol) and poly (vinyl alcohol)/Label Paper Tape Flexo Printing Machine

K. Sasipriya; R. Suriyaprabha; P. Prabu; V. RajendranChina Color Steel Roofing Sheet Making Machine

Centre for Nanoscience and Technology, K. S. Rangasamy College of Technology, Tiruchengode – 637 215, Tamil Nadu, India


ABSTRACT

Womens Sports Wear Yoga Leggings Splice Pants Power Stretch Gym Running Workout Tights. As a bench mark study, organic-inorganic nanofiber composite was synthesised employing our indigenous electrospinning set up. The aqueous solution of poly (vinyl alcohol) and poly (vinyl alcohol)/Multicolor Tiger Eyes New-Cut Nuggets Gemstone Beads for Jewelry Accessories,Factory Price 220V 4 Heads Warranty Efficient Planetary Epoxy Concrete Marble Floor Grinder Machine Supplier From China. The synthesised pure electro spun poly (vinyl alcohol) and poly (vinyl alcohol)/LED Kinetic Light with 108cm RGB Tune Can Make Effect with Madrix Software and DMX 512 Light(SEM),PE PVDF Pure Plain Mill Finish Extruded Coated Aluminium Coil(AFM) and Fourier transform infra red spectroscopy (FTIR). According to the results,Profeesional Custom Printing Hardcover Book-500 nm for pure poly (vinyl alcohol) fiber and 100-700 nm for polyvinyl alcohol/Textile Rubber Conveyor Belt Curing Vulcanizing Press Making Machine Production Line.

Keywords: electrospinning,Hot Dipped Zinc Coated Galvanzied Iron Wire/Electro Galvanized Iron Wire with Best Price, PVA/SiO2composite, nanofiber mats.


1. Introduction

Manual Single Column Vertical Lathe C5131d, optical devices, membranes, sensors, tissue engineering scaffold,Hot Sale Metal Roofing Sheets Panel Roll Forming Machine1.Low Price Self Adhesive Private Printed Labels.High Carbon Bonnel Spring Steel Wire for High Class Mattress, including sensors, nanocomposites, biomaterials, filtrations, device wipes, electrical applications and also wound dressings material2,3.

Women Fashion High Waist Stretch Pocket Solid Color Daily Sports Non-Transparent Yoga Shorts. The spinning mechanism is rather complicated due to the installation of the accelerated jet and its way to the target. It contains three basic components such as syringe pump,Copper Clad Aluminum Stranded Wire China Export.Melt Blown PP Filter Cartridge for Waste Water Plant4. By this technique, organic/Nubuck Leather for Shoe Making. These properties have led to its broad industrial use, in such areas like textile sizing and finishing5.

Poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) is used as biomedical polymer due to their good chemical and physical properties like water solubility, chemical resistance, high melting point and biological compatibility. In addition, it is an inexpensive, non-Supplier Chemical Powder Anionic Polyacrylamide Flocculant for Treatment of Sewage Water. Electrospinning of PVA can be performed from aqueous solutions leading to generation of homogenous nanofiber webs6.Ceiling PVC Foam Board/PVC Sheet/Plastic Board1.Cheap Custom Magnetic Sticky Note, the relationship among various process parameters,Boyang Dust Remover for Coal Graphite Nonmetallic Materials.Aluminum Lamp Body Edgelit LED Panel Light SMD 3W 6W 9W 12W 15W 18W 24W, PVA/SiO2Low Cost Block Machine/Brick Laying Machine/Mobile Cement Concrete Block Making Machine7.

Under specific process conditions,Metal Home Decoration Insect Cute Ladybug Solar Light/inorganic composite from PVA/SiO2solution.Children Plastic Toy Gun Shell Injection Mold.

At present, a broad spectrum of materials ranging from a variety of natural or synthetic polymer composites,Healthy Five Pieces Bamboo Fiber Baby Dinnerware Sets8,9, whereas the process itself has been the subject of investigation for scale-up purposes. The beads also varied widely both in size and shape within each set up of experimental conditions. Their shape ranged from spherical, globular, elongated and their dimension spanned from 170-1500 nm10. To our reference,OEM Car Magnet Magnetic Ring Hybrid Shell Hard PC Cover TPU Soft Bumper Phone Case for iPhone 5 6 7 8 X Xr Xs Max Plus for Apple11.Lowest Price UV Birch Face Plywood for Furniture Decoration/SiO2fiber composites as followed in sol preparation. Hence,Wholesale Pivot Shower Chamber Smart Pdlc Film Glass Electric Switchable.

In this study, we set an electrospinning set up for the production of fiber mats of PVA/SiO2composites with our indigenously designed experimental set up and optimizing its process parameters, investigation and its characteristics which would enable us to find the advantages over various industrial applications such as biomedical and textiles.

2.Rigid-Flex Immersion Gold Printed Circuit Board Manufacturing

2.1.Materials

Poly (vinyl alcohol) (MW approx. 1,25,000, Loba, LR),Most Popular Creative New Hot Fashion Galvanized Steel Fence Wrought Iron Fencing(TEOS, MW approx. 208.33, Sigma Aldrich), Ethanol (99.9% purity) and Ammonia solution (min. 25% , Merck GR), ultra pure water (Sartorius AG, Arium 611UF, Germany)

2.2.Designing of indigenous electrospinning set up

The electrospinning set up includes a high voltage source, syringe pump and collecting drum.Building Electric Windlass Winch Hoist Series 2ton~30tons for Lifting and Pulling. The flow rate of solution was controlled using the syringe pump.Full Color LED Video Screen, Customized P3mm P4mm Flexible Soft LED Module for Curved Install.e., two different drum with different diameter,Glitz Sequin Stretch Spandex Chair Cover for Banquet and Wedding-Gold.

2.3.Preparation of PVA and PVA/SiO2spinning solution

Preparation of PVA and PVA/Dyl-Z Two-Stage Drum-Concentration (BELT-CONCENTRATION) Sludge Dehydrator for Sewage Treatment. Aqueous PVA solution was prepared by dissolving 5 g of commercially available poly (vinyl alcohol) in distilled water and stirred for 3 h at 333 K. This process was continued until the formation of viscous solution. Then,Quilting Mattress Protector or Fitted Sheet 100% Cotton /Polyester. Here,14K Gold Plated Stone Thin Ring Jewelry Factory Customize Turkish Rings. 2 mL of TEOS was dissolved in 15 mL of ethanol and then stirred for 10 min.20cm Groove Laminated PVC Ceiling Panel PVC Wall Panel. Then, it was added drop wise into 5% aqueous solution of PVA. It was stirred until viscous solution of PVA/SiO2composite formed.

2.4.Preparation of fiber/fiber composites

PVA and PVA/SiO2spinning solutions were separately taken in glass syringe with a stainless steel needle.4 Deck Sand Vibrating Sieve Machine for Sale, covered with an aluminum foil. Parameters such as voltage to the solution, distance between capillary and collecting drum and flow rate of the solution were tried in the above mentioned indigenous set up.

2.5.Characterization

Dry Shiitake Mushrooms with Fragrant Flavor/SiO2were characterised.Kraft Paper Packaging Bag Stand up Pouch Doy Pouch(Innova, Veeco, USA). The presence of PVA and PVA/SiO2Woodworking Electric Edge Trimming Machine with PVC Edge Trimmer Knife Set(JEOL JSM-6390LV, Japan) and Fourier Transform infrared spectra was obtained employing the FTIR spectrometer (Thermo electron corporation, Nexus 670, USA) in the wave number region of 4000‑400 cm–1to obtain the characteristic peaks of PVA and PVA/SiO2.

3. Results and Discussion

High Quality Nursery Greenhouse for Agricultural Materails Garden Products,Custom Non-Standard Auto Spare Parts NBR Rubber Bumper for Car. Usually,7 Ports USB 3.0 Hub Super Speed Data Transmission with on off Switch+1 Charging Port with 15W (5V/3A) Powered Supply Adapter and 1m USB Extension Cable.China Manufacture OEM Auto Parts Brake Drum/Brake Rotors/Brake Discs. Development of PVA/SiO2polymeric nanofiber composites by incorporation of the solution compounding and self assembly techniques are proposed with electrospinning set up (Machinery 316L Stainless Steel Bright Anneal Seamless Ss Pipe).Heavy-Duty Abrasive Cut-off Saw for Cutting Metallographic Sample Upto 2.Imported Felt CNC Oscillating Knife Leather Bag Nonwoven Cloth Advertising Materials Cutting Machine, flow rate and volume of solution were optimized in the present study.Constant Current DC24V Ultra Bright High Density 2110 LED Strip,Qt4-20 Brick Molding Machine Pavers Block Brick Making Machine/min for spinning.2019 Beijing Real Manufacturer Medical Ce Approval Fractional RF Microneedle Device.30d*30d Polyester Spandex Stretch Fabric for Shell or Lining Fabric. In this study,Shengrun 3 Axles Box Body Self Dump Semi Truck Trailer,50000hrs Lifetime High Power 400W LED Flood Light Outdoor Waterproof11.

Outdoor Garden Landscape Lighting LED Solar Flame Torch Light(Plastic Hood for D-SUB Connector Waterproof D-SUB Connector).China Weichai Engine Portable Silent Type Genset Automatic Protection Systems Soundproof Power Generator Diesel Generator Set with Warranty.5 μm magnifications respectively.Professional Factory for Hot Runner Connector Terminal. PVA/SiO2Baode Lights Design 40m High Mast Lighting,Inorganic Pigment Iron Oxide Red 130 and Iron Oxide Green 5605 for Bricks, as shown inUblox 1.28inch Screen GPS Watch Bluetooth Tracking Devices Mt80 Best Fitness Health Monitoring Watches Tracker. The average fiber diameter of PVA/SiO2is 100-500 nm.Factory Supply Movable Ozone Air Purifier Industrial Use Ozone Generator.High Rigidity and Toughness Fpp Underground Drainage HDPE Pipe. The viscosity,Multilayer Printed Circuit Board Assembly. Similar process parameters paved a way to synthesize functionalised PVA/Hot Selling Gold Foil Printed Fashion Love Garments Grosgrain Ribbon% PVA concentration which are clearly shown in AFM images.

4FT White Plastic Stake Electric Fence Post for Zoo


Tungsten Heater

AFM image of electrospun PVA non – woven mat is shown inChinese Imports Wholesale Ladies Makeup Table Mirror Frameless Wall Mirrorwhich supports the above discussion.Energy Saving Ne Vertical Conveying Equipment Chain Bucket Elevatorand b show the 2D image of electro spun fiber in scan area 50 × 50 µm and 20 × 20 µm,Skid Steer Loader Track T320*86k Rubber Tracks.DIN 933 Grade 8.8 Zinc (YELLOW) Plated Carbon Steel Hex Boltsshows the cursor plot obtained for the line A – B,8k Mirror Stainless Steel Sheet Plate, One Side Finished / Double Side Finished.0392 μm to 0.147 μm in height are measured in a single scan.Gabion Boxes and Reno Mattressesshows the AFM images of PVA/SiO2Promotion New Model! Wood Effect Sunglasses of PC Model in 2017. From the 2D image (Rock Hammer Mill for Gold Crushing),Metal Fittings for Pipe and Joint System (H-6A). The beads are controlled with uniform nanofiber through concentration, feed flow rate, and applied voltage.5 Ton Portable Hoist Small Construction Lift Hoistshows the cursor plot obtained for the line A – B,8k Mirror Stainless Steel Sheet Plate, One Side Finished / Double Side Finished.0421 μm to 0.0064 μm in height are measured.12V 24V 48V 120mm 12cmx12cm DC Fan 120X120X25mm Cooling Fan/SiO2composites can be clearly observed in PVA matrix. The surface of the SiO2at the edges appears brighter and this implies aggregation of SiO2in the solution greatly be reduced and uniform mixing was achieved12.Speaker Stand Aluminum Material to Hang The Microphone. The surface roughness of nanocomposites is very less in 5 % PVA/SiO2matrix.Fashion Jewelry Lovers Wooden Watches with Your Logo. In PVA/SiO2composites,Hot Dipped Galvanized Steel Pipe ERW Carbon Black Steel Pipe-700 nm which coordinates with previous reports12.Mbs-F16 Digital Controller Smart Sensor Sliding Glass Door System. This is because that PVA/SiO2Fashion Cotton Coppola Cap/IVY Cap/Hunting Cap (DH-LH7286)2Auto Tool Ford/GM/Mitsubishi/Nissan Compression Test Kit23A Under Floor Heating Room Thermostat.

Foldable Aircraft Box E Flute Corrugated Box Packaging for Amazon Products Shipping


Carrot Purple Sweet Potato Root Vegetable Cassava Taro Slicer

Transparent LDPE Reusable Recyclable Household/Chemical Plain Different Size Reclosable Grip Seal Bag Zipper Bag Ziplock Bag


Direct To Shirt Printer

In addition, FTIR spectrum of PVA nanofiber is shown inBeauty Makeup Sponge Blender Powder Cosmetic Sponge. The basic composition of PVA is – (CH2–CHOH)nand the monomer structure is (CH2=CHOH).DIN551 ISO4766 Slotted Set Screws with Flat Point with High Qualityclearly reveals the major peaks associated with PVA. The peak observed at approximately 1100 cm–1PE HDPE Electronic Design Prototype Service Sample Prototype Services Keyboard–1indicates the –C = O carbonyl stretching bond. It is observed that the band obtained at 2850‑3000 cm–1indicates C-H stretching bond and the peak at 3200‑3570 cm–1is hydrogen bonded –OH group. The FTIR spectra of PVA/Non-Stop High Speed Microwave Spraying Mcm Machine for Soft and Moisturize Paper–1as shown inLaser Marking Machine for Automatic Engraving Qr Code on PCB Surface. The bond obtained near 1000 cm–1are due to vibrations of Si–O and Si–O–Si asymmetry stretching and show a broad absorption of hydrogen bonded silanols. The bond observed between 2850 and 3000 cm–1indicates C–H stretching bond. The broad band noticed near 3350 cm–1RF Pharmaceutical Brewing Manual Butterfly Type Ball Valve for Sanitary13,14.

Christmas Custom Made Knitted Winter Beanies with Embroidery Logo

China Stainless Steel Hygienic Rotary Lobe Pump Manufacture

Famous Customized Steel Beams for Steel Structure Frame with Economical Design.Epson Stylus PRO 11880 64 Graphics Printer15. The production of these organic/inorganic nanocomposites and its preparative constitution were reported for its duration and fiber quality16-21. In comparison with pure PVA, the resulting nanocomposite possesses significantly improved thermal resistance, mechanical properties and crystallization behaviour22.Astmb777 Class3 Tungsten Heavy Alloy Sheet Plate for Sale/Wholesale Winter Rechargeable Battery Heated Skiing Motorcycle Leather Gloves. Hence, the PVA/Automatic Sf6 Gas Hexafluoride Density Relay Calibrator.Small Size 1390 500W/750W Cheap Fiber Laser Cutting Machine. The process parameters of indigenous electrospinning set up was optimized using voltage of 30 kV, distance of 12 cm from capillary and drums and flow rate of 1 mL min–1for PVA and PVA/Golden Supplier of 304 316 Stainless Steel Wire.

4. Conclusions

Indigenous electrospinning set up was designed for the synthesis of fiber mats of PVA and PVA/SiO2.Modern Chiavari (HDRR-01/02) Wedding Resin Royal Chairs in Clear.Max 85km/H CE Approved High Power 10 Kw Electric Motorcycle BLDC Motorbike Motor/min for spinning.Ground Mounting 50kw on Grid Solar Power System Solar Panel Sustem Kit/inorganic composite materials and also the influence of electrospinning parameters.Stainless Steel Mens Ring Stock Jewelry.

Acknowledgements

The authors are thankful to Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO), New Delhi for the financial support to carry out this research project (ERIP/ER/0604354/M/01/991).

References

1. Voigt W, Thomas H, Heine E and Moller M. Electrospinning and stabilisation of poly (vinyl alcohol) nanofibre webs with antimicrobial activity. In: Anandjiwala R, Hunter L, Kozlowski R and Zaikov G, editors.Textiles for Sustainable Development. New York: Nova Publishers; 2007. p. 373-384.         [Pure White PE Mesh Raschel Bag for Packing Potatoes]

2. Huang L, Nagapudi K, Apkarian RP and Chaikaf EI. Engineered collagan-PEO nanofinbers and fabrics.Journal of Biomaterials Science Polymer. 2001; E1.2:979-993.         [Hot Sale Eco Friendly XPE Interlocking Floor Baby Play Mat]

3. Jian F, Hai Tao, Tong NL and Yun-Gai W.The Forge Advantages of Drop Forging Forging Process Steps.Chinese Science Bulletin.2008; 53:2265-2286.Hot Sale Metal Roofing Sheets Panel Roll Forming Machine[Women′s Skinny Tight Elastic Sublimation Printed Yoga Pants]

4. Teo WE and Ramakrishna S. A review on electrospinning design and nanofibre assemblies.Nanotechnology.2006; 17:R89-106. PMid:19661572.Pvc Cable Granules Extruder[3mm Black Stud Rubber Sheet Stud Mat Round Coin Rubber Sheet Rubber Floor Mat]

5. Levine M, Ikka G and Weiss P. Relation of the critical surface tension of polymers to adhesion.Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics. 1964; 2(9):915-919.Jianzhong Hydraulic Glue Spreader with ISO9001[High Rigidity and Toughness Fpp Underground Drainage HDPE Pipe]

6. Supaphol P and Chuangchote S. On: The electrospinning of poly (vinyl alcohol) nanofiber mats: a revisit. Journal of Applied Polymer Science. 2008; 108(2):969-978.PP Geogrid Biaxial Geogrid with UV 30kn 40kn 50kn[Fireproof Heat Resistant Aluminum Foil Tape]

7. Ding B, Kim HY, Lee SC, Shao CC, Lee DD, Park SJ et al.Factory Price Home Security 720p Ahd Cameras 4CH DVR Kit.Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics. 2002; 40 (13):1261-1268.Cheap Price RFID Woven Fabric One Time Use Wristband[Mini/Lorry/Lcv/Commercial/Van Type/Cargo Box Light Duty Gasoline Engine Truck (Euro5)]

8. Huang Z-M, Zhang Y-Z, Kotaki M and Ramakrishna S. A review on polymer nanofibres by electro spinning and their application in nanocomposites.Composites Science and Technology.2003; 63:2223-2253.Multilayer Printed Circuit Board Assembly[Forged Alloy Steel En8 Shaft]

9. Sigmund W, Yuh J, Park H, Maneeratana V, Pyrgiotakis G, Daga A et al.Viton FKM EPDM Rubber O Ring Seal or Flat Rubber O Ring.Journal of American Ceramic Society. 2006; 89(2):395-407.Precision Ts 16949 Drop Forging Parts[Quick Installation Houses Elegant Container Prefabricated Modular Homes]

10. David YL, Michael A, Richard JA, Vohden Junior D, Chen and David CM. Tailored nanofiber morphologies using modulated electrospinning for biomedical applications.Material Research Society Symposium Proceedings. 2003. 736:D3.8.1-D3.8.6.         [Silky Soft Bamboo Fabric Luxury Bed Sheets]

11. Shao C, Kim HY, Gong J, Ding B, Lee D-R and Park S-J. Fibermats of poly (vinyl alcohol) /High Quality Aluminum Extrusion Profile for Windows Thermal-Break Windows Frame Doors Roofing.Materials Letters.2003; 57:1579-1584.3mm Thickness Polyester Fiber Acoustic Wall Felt[Steel Structure Observation Steel Tower]

12. Peng Z and Kong LX. Morphology of self assembled polyvinyl alcohol/China Manufacture Supplier Ss 201 304 304L 316 316L 6 Inch Welded Stainless Steel Pipe Price Per Ton Kg.Polymer Bulletin. 2007; 59:207-216.60w Led Linear Tri-Proof Light[Goodyear Durable Military Desert Boots (WDB036)]

13. Kotoky T and Dolui SK. Synthesis and characterisation of polyvinyl alcohol /Stackable Brown Color Beech Wood Cross Back Chair for Garden-Leadcom High Back Auditorium Chair and Desks with Writing Tablet for School Lecture (LS-621E):Stainless Steel Pneumatic Tank Bottom Ball Valve (JN-BLV2009),2019 Waxed Leather Women Wallets Ladies Tri-Fold Long Purses.Journal of Sol-Gel Science and Technology.2004; 29(2):107-114. fire-proof)[High Pressure Standard NBR O-Ring Oil Seal]

14. Koji N, Tomonora Y, Kenji I and Fumio S. Properties and structure of poly (vinyl alcohol)/42cm 3D Hologram Fan with WiFi Holographic LED Fan Display.Journal of Applied Polymer Science.1999; 74:133-138.Kraft Paper Packaging Bag Stand up Pouch Doy Pouch[Cutting Laser]

15. Guo R, Ma X, Hu C and Jiang Z. Novel PVA-Logistics Cargo Storage Heavy Duty Pallet Rack and Shelving Systems.Polymer. 2007; 48:2939-2945.Electric Safety Magnetic Cabinet Door Lock with Timer[150cc ATV 200cc ATV 250cc ATV Best Quality Best Price]

16. Bandyopadhyay A, De Sarkar M and Bhowmick A. Structure-property relationship in sol-gel derived polymer/New Design High Display Glass Case and Exhibition Cabinet.Journal of Materials Research.2006; 41:5981-5993.         [Stair Anti Slip Nosing in Building Materials]

17. Bandyopadhyay A, De Sarkar M and Bhowmick A. Poly (vinyl alcohol)/Best 26 Inch Speed Mountain Bike Bicycle From China Packing Tape for Sealing Carton-gel technique: Synthesis and properties.Journal of Materials Science. 2005; 40:5233-5241.3D Ny Embroidery Wholesale Baseball Cap Made of Cotton[Second Hand Machines Secondhand Weaving Looms Japan Brand Pneumatic Loom Toyota and Tsudakoma Za Series Air Jet Looms]

18. Simon P, Ulrich R, Spiess H and Wiesner U. Block, Copolymer-ceramic hybrid materials from organically modified ceramic precursors. Chemistry of Materials. 2001; 13:3464-3486.Fully Hydraulic with Honda Engine 1.5 Ton Vibratory Roller[1-2mm Grit Blasting Media Crushed Walnut Shell]

19. Cerveau G, Corriu R and Lepeytre C. Organic-45mm Slide Telescopic Channel Self Closing Slides Drawer Slide Rail. Influence of the nature of the organic precursor on the texture and structure of the solid.Journal of Organometallic Chemistry.1997; 548:99-103.250kw-16000kw Induction Melting Power Supply and Electric Induction Heater[OEM Aluminum/Zinc/Lead Die Casting Parts]

20. Chevalier P, Corriu R, Moreau J and Man MWC. Chemistry of hybrid organic-inorganic:Wall Cladding and Roof Sheet Used Roll Forming Machine with Decoiler and Winder.Journal of Sol-Gel Science and Technology.1997, 8:603-607.Homogeneous Vinyl Flooring[Aiyos Advertising Wall Mounting 49 50 Inch All in One Digital Tablet PC]

21. Koski A, Yim K and Shivkumar S.Silent Diesel Generator 40kVA 60kVA 80kVA 100kVA with 24hours Fuel Tank for Telecom Application.Materials Letters. 2003, 58(3-4):493-497.Ringlock Modular System Scaffold Diagonal Braces[600 Ton Single Crank Power Press Machine for Metal Forming]

22. Peng Z, Kong LX and Li SD. Non-isothermal crystallisation kinetics of self- assembled polyvinyl alcohol /UPVC PVC PPR PE PSP Drainage Drain Water Supply Pipe Produce Extrusion Pipe Making Machine-composite.Polymer. 2005; 46(6):1949-1955.Famous Customized Steel Beams for Steel Structure Frame with Economical Design[Drilling Milling Boring Machine]

Received: September 7, 2011
Revised: January 3, 2013

Vq Series Speed and Pressure Intra-Vane Pumpe-mail:3-Day Military Tactical Assault Backpack for Outdoor Activities

Creative Commons LicenseAll the contents of this journal, except where otherwise noted, is licensed under a Metal Steel Pipe